By Kevin P. Menard
Dynamic mechanical research has left the unique area of the rheologist, changing into a commonplace software within the analytical laboratory. This useful advent to the sector presents a place to begin from which to delve into the purposes of DMA, its workings, and its merits and boundaries. Discussions comprise rheological thoughts, stress-strain relationships, information dealing with, experimental thoughts and concerns, try out tools comparable to frequency sweeps and time-temperature curves, facts research, and extra. The booklet incorporates a powerful presentation of real-life DMA purposes.
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Additional resources for Dynamic Mechanical Analysis: A Practical Introduction to Techniques and Applications
Sample text
Creep testing to failure is also occasionally called a creep rupture experiment. One normally analyzes the first and last cycle to see the degree of degradation or plots a certain value, say he, as a function of cycle number. You can also vary the temperature with each cycle to see where the properties degrade as temperature increases. 7b. The temperature can be raised and lowered, to simulate the effect of an environmental thermal cycle. 7 Examples of types of creep tests: (a) Multiple creep–recovery cycles, (b) multiple creep cycles with overlaying temperature ramp, and (c) heat-set cycle.
Ideally, elastic materials give a linear response where the modulus is independent of load and of loading rate. Unfortunately, as we know, most materials are not ideal. If we look at a polymeric material in extension, we see that the stress–strain curve has some curvature to it. This becomes more pronounced as the stress increases and the material deforms. 7). This is caused by necking of the specimen and its subsequent drawing out. 8 also shows the analysis of a stress–strain curve. Usually, we are concerned with the stiffness of the material, which is obtained as the Young’s modulus from the initial slope.
The area under the curve is often integrated to obtain the energy needed to break the sample and used as an indicator of toughness of the material. 10 Changes as temperature increases. (a) Stress–strain curves change as the testing temperature increases. As a polymer is heated, it becomes less brittle and more ductile. (b) These data can be graphically displayed as a plot of the modulus vs. temperature. 11 Newton’s Law and dashpot. Flow is dependent on the rate of shear and there is no recovery seen.